Ngôn ngữ của Hàn Quốc là tiếng Hàn. Tiếng Hàn được định nghĩa là “tiếng mà dân tộc Hàn sử dụng chủ yếu trên bán đảo Hàn Quốc”. Hiện nay số lượng người sử dụng tiếng Hàn là khoảng 70 triệu người bao gồm người Hàn Quốc và Bắc Triều Tiên, ngoài ra còn có 3,5 triệu Hàn kiều đang sinh sống ở nước ngoài.
Ngữ hệ của tiếng Hàn
Theo giả thiết đáng tin cậy nhất, tiếng Hàn thuộc ngữ hệ Altai.
· Tiếng Hàn và ngữ hệ Altai
Tiếng Hàn có cấu tạo giống các ngôn ngữ khác của ngữ hệ Altai, với những đặc trưng của ngôn ngữ chắp dính như sự điều hoà nguyên âm, phép biến đổi âm
Ngôn ngữ 2 miền Nam-Bắc
Ngôn ngữ Nam và Bắc Hàn có sự khác biệt do 2 miền bị chia cắt từ lâu. Tuy nhiên đó chỉ là những khác biệt nhỏ trong ý nghĩa của từ, cách sử dụng và từ mới, ngoài ra thì không có vấn đề gì trong giao tiếp giữa người dân 2 miền. Hiện nay, các nhà nghiên cứu Hàn Quốc và Bắc Triều Tiên đang hợp tác để tìm cách khắc phục những bất đồng trong ngôn ngữ 2 miền.
Ngôn ngữ địa phương
Nếu tính theo vùng thì ngôn ngữ Hàn được chia ra thành 6 vùng chủ yếu.
- Vùng Đông Bắc : tỉnh Bắc Hamgyeong, Nam Hamgyeong và tỉnh Yanggang ở Bắc Triều Tiên.
- Vùng Tây Bắc : tỉnh Bắc Pyeongan, Nam Pyeongan, tỉnh Jagang và phía Bắc của tỉnh Hwanghae ở Bắc Triều Tiên
- Vùng Đông Nam : tỉnh Bắc Gyeongsang, Nam Gyeongsang và vùng xung quanh
- Vùng Tây Nam : tỉnh Bắc Jeolla, Nam Jeolla
- Vùng Jeju : đảo Jeju và các đảo phụ thuộc
- Vùng Trung bộ : tỉnh Gyeonggi, tỉnh Bắc Chungcheong, Nam Chungcheong, tỉnh Gangwon và phần lớn của tỉnh Hwanghae.
Hangeul là bảng chữ cái độc đáo của Hàn Quố
Nguồn gốc
Bảng chữ cái tiếng Hàn được vua Sejong phát minh vào năm 1443 và được đưa vào sử dụng vào năm 1446 với tên gọi ban đầu là Hunmin Jeong-eum (Huấn dân chính âm; 訓民正音), có ý nghĩa là “Chính âm để trị dân”. Hangeul bao gồm 11 nguyên âm và 17 phụ âm. Cũng như các ngôn ngữ khác, âm tiết tiếng Hàn được tạo nên bởi sự kết hợp giữa các nguyên âm và phụ âm và được viết theo thứ tự từ trái sang phải và từ trên xuống dưới.
Quốc ngữ
Mặc dù Hunmin Jeong-eum đã ra đời nhưng các văn bản chính thức ghi chép bằng chữ Hán. Hangeul chính thức được sử dụng để ghi chép văn bản kể từ tháng 11 năm 1894, 450 năm sau khi được phát minh.
Hangeul hiện đại
Tên Hangeul do nhà nghiên cứu tiếng Hàn Ju Si-kyung tạo ra và được sử dụng từ năm 1913. Hangeul có nghĩa là bảng chữ cái của nước Hàn Quốc là chữ cái lơn nhất và tốt nhất trên thế giới, đứng như ý nghĩa của Hunmin Jeong-eum. Vào năm 1933, Hangeul được rút gọn xuống còn 10 nguyên âm và 14 phụ âm.
Cấu trúc
Âm tiết tiếng Hàn được tạo nên bởi sự kết hợp giữa các nguyên âm và phụ âm và được viết theo thứ tự từ trái sang phải và từ trên xuống dưới.
- Âm đầu : 14 phụ âm và có các phụ âm kép
- Âm giữa : 10 nguyên âm và có các nguyên âm kép
- Âm cuối : 14 phụ âm và có các phụ âm kép hoặc có thể không có âm cuối.
Đặc điểm
Hangeul có thể kết hợp thành vô vàn các nhóm âm tiết. Bảng chữ cái này hết sức đơn giản, có hệ thống và dễ hiểu.
Hangeul được công nhận là một trong những hệ thống chữ viết khoa học nhất trên thế giới. Các nguyên âm và phụ âm dễ phân biệt, cách biết rất gọn và đặc biêt, các phụ âm chỉ vị trí của miệng, môi và lưỡi.
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