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Các tôn giáo ở Hàn Quốc

Cơ hội tìm hiểu lịch sử tôn giáo Hàn quốc từ chuyến du lịch Hàn quốc, như sau:

Hàn Quốc là một nước đảm bảo tự do tôn giáo. Tại đây, tôn giáo tín ngưỡng và các hoạt động liên quan được tự do phát triển mạnh mẽ.

Lịch sử tôn giáo Hàn Quốc

Thông qua các truyện thần thoại và truyền thuyết, có thể thấy rằng tín ngưỡng nguyên thủy của người Hàn coi ông Trời là vị thần tối cao, 2 nhân vật tồn tại trên tất cả mọi đối tượng thiên nhiên. Hwan In và Hwan Woong, mang tính thần thánh xuất hiện trong truyện thần thoại Dangun về quá trình dựng nước của dân tộc Hàn chính là đối tượng ông Trời mà người Hàn cổ đề cập tới. Sau đó, tín ngưỡng cầu phúc sử dụng thần chú, pháp thuật trở nên phổ biến. Từ sau thời đại Tam Quốc (Năm thứ 1 trước Công nguyên đến năm 668 sau Công nguyên), Phật giáo, Nho giáo… được truyền bá vào Hàn Quốc và dần dần chuyển thành hệ thống tín ngưỡng mang hình thái cứu độ, lấy tư tưởng cầu phúc làm nền tảng. Trải qua các thời kỳ Tam Quốc, Shilla thống nhất và Koryo, đến khoảng cuối thế kỷ XII, Phật giáo đã trở thành tôn giáo chính và Nho giáo phát triển thành hệ tư tưởng chính trị. Tuy nhiên, đến thời Chosun (1392-1910), Nho giáo bắt đầu hưng thịnh còn Phật giáo bị kìm hãm. Cuối thời Chosun, Cơ đốc giáo được truyền vào Hàn Quốc, các tín ngưỡng bản địa như đạo Cheondo, đạo Jeungsan… ra đời và tư tưởng tôn giáo lấy người dân làm trọng tâm ngàng càng phát triển.

 

Hiện nay, Cơ đốc giáo và Phật giáo là các tôn giáo chủ yếu, các tôn giáo truyền thống như đạo Daejong, đạo Dangun, trở thành tôn giáo thiểu số trong khi đạo Shaman tiếp tục ăn sâu vào xã hội.

Cộng đồng tôn giáo

Du khách trong tour Hàn quốc sẽ có dịp tìm hiểu về cộng đồng tôn giáo Hàn quốc.

    • Hàn Quốc

Tính đến năm 2005, Hàn Quốc có 24.970.000 người theo tôn giáo (theo số liệu của Cục Thống kê quốc gia) chiếm 53,1% dân số.

    • Bắc Triều Tiên

Về căn bản, Bắc Triều Tiên không có tự do tôn giáo nên có thể nói tôn giáo thật sự không tồn tại trên đất nước này. Số người chính thức theo tôn giáo ước tính không quá 30.000 người.

Khách tour du lịch Hàn quốc sẽ được cơ hội tìm hiểu thêm tôn giáo của hàn quốc.

  • Phân bố cộng đồng tôn giáo tại Hàn Quốc.
 
Phân bổ tôn giáo Số lượng Tỷ lệ
Năm 1985 Năm 1995 Năm 2005 Năm 1985 Năm 1995 Năm 2005
Toàn bộ 40,419,652 44,553,710 47,041,434
Theo tôn giáo 17,203,296 22,597,824 24,970,766 42.6% 50.7% 53.1%
Phật giáo 8,059,624 10,321,012 10,726,463 46.8% 45.7% 43.0%
Tin lành 6,489,282 8,760,336 8,616,438 37.7% 38.8% 34.5%
Thiên chúa giáo 1,865,397 2,950,730 5,146,147 10.8% 13.1% 20.6%
Nho giáo 483,366 210,927 104,575 2.8% 0.9% 0.4%
Wonbul giáo 92,302 86,823 129,907 0.5% 0.4% 0.5%
Cheondo giáo 26,818 28,184 45,835 0.2% 0.1% 0.2%
Jeungsan giáo 0 62,056 34,550 0.0% 0.3% 0.1%
Daejong giáo 11,030 7,603 3,766 0.1% 0.0% 0.0%
Khác 175,477 170,153 163,085 1.0% 0.8% 0.7%
Không theo tôn giáo
Không rõ ràng		 23,216,356 21,953,315 21,865,160 57.4% 49.3% 46.5%
0 2,571 205,508 0.0% 0.0% 0.4%

 

Tôn giá ở Hàn Quốc
Tôn giá ở Hàn Quốc.

Tôn giáo chủ yếu

 

    • Phật giáo

Đạo Phật được truyền bá vào bán đảo Hàn Quốc vào khoảng thế kỷ thứ IV. Được du nhập thông qua Trung Quốc, Phật giáo tại Hàn Quốc chịu ảnh hưởng của Phật giáo Đại thừa hướng đến cứu rỗi chúng sinh, khác với Phật giáo phương Nam hướng đến cứu độ và giải thoát cho cá nhân. Tuy là tôn giáo ngoại lai nhưng Phật giáo kết hợp với văn hoá truyền thống, tín ngưỡng dân gian, v.v…để phát triển thành văn hoá dân tộc và được truyền từ Tam Quốc cho đến thời Koryo.
Sau khi vương triệu Chosun được thành lập vào cuối thế kỷ XII, Nho giáo trở thành hệ tư tưởng quốc gia và dần lấn át Phật giáo. Tuy vậy, là một tôn giáo truyền thống, Phật giáo vẫn ăn sâu trong dân chúng và phát triển cho đến ngày nay.
Hiện nay, Phật giáo vẫn là tôn giáo lớn nhất ở Hàn Quốc với số tín đồ chiếm trên 40% cộng đồng tôn giáo.

 

    • Đạo Tin lành

Đạo Tin lành chính thức du nhập vào Hàn quốc vào năm 1884 thông qua các nhà truyền giáo, chủ yếu là người Mỹ. Các nhà truyền giáo mở rộng phạm vi hoạt động thông qua các chương trình như chăm sóc sức khỏe y tế, giáo dục, phụ nữ, từ thiện, xã hội…
Dưới thời kỳ đô hộ của thực dân Nhật từ năm 1910 đến năm 1945, đạo Tin lành đã đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc truyền bá tư tưởng độc lập và bắt đầu ăn sâu vào đời sống xã hội. Tuy nhiên, các nhà thờ chống Nhật đều bị đóng cửa, chỉ còn lại nhà thờ than Nhật mới.
Trải qua các thời kỳ hỗn loạn và khó khăn như cuộc chiến tranh Triều Tiên (1950-1953), đạo Tin lành ngày càng lớn mạnh hơn và hiện có lượng tín đồ đứng thứ 2 tại Hàn Quốc, chỉ sau Phật giáo.

 

    • Thiên Chúa Giáo

Đạo Thiên chúa được truyền bá vào Hàn Quốc vào thế kỷ XIII, trước đạo Tin lành khoảng 100 năm. Xuất phát điểm của việc truyền bá đạo Thiên chúa bắt đầu từ trường phái “Tây học”, là học vấn được truyền bá vào từ phương Tây do những người phương Nam bị tách rời khỏi quyền lực thời bấy giờ, được quan tâm nghiên cứu. Do đó, có thể nói đạo Thiên chúa ở Hàn Quốc là “sự truyền bá tự phát” việc tự nghiên cứu và yêu cầu gửi người truyền giáo…, cho nên đã trải qua quá trình đặc biệt, không có trường hợp tương tự trên toàn thế giới. Trong thời kỳ đầu, đạo Thiên chúa đã bị kỳ thị dẫn đến nhiều trường hợp tử vì đạo.
Lúc đó, triều đình Chosun vẫn giữ chính sách bế quan tỏa cảng nên tín đồ đạo Thiên chúa được xem chính là những người thử thách đối với các chính sách quốc gia đó.
Hiện nay, đạo Thiên chúa là tôn giáo lớn thứ 3 tại Hàn Quốc, chiếm khoảng 35% tín đồ tôn giáo cả nước.

    • Hồi Giáo

Dưới thời thực dân Nhật, nhiều người Hàn Quốc bị cưỡng chế di trú sang Mãn Châu và một phận nhỏ trong số họ trở thành tín đồ Hồi giáo. Các hoạt động truyền bá Hồi giáo thực sự phát triển mạnh mẽ từ cuộc chiến tranh Triều Tiên khi quân Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ tham chiến với tư cách là lực lượng của Liên hiệp quốc. Năm 1955, Hiệp hội Hồi giáo Hàn Quốc được thành lập.
Trong những năm 1970, thánh đường Hồi giáo đầu tiên tại Hàn Quốc ra đời tại phường Hannam, sau đó lần lượt là các thánh đường tại các thành phố lớn như Busan, Daegu, Cheonju, Gwangju (tỉnh Gyeonggi), Anyang, Ansan …
Vào cuối năm 2007, tín đồ đạo Hồi ước tính khoảng 140.000 người.

 

    • Tôn giáo truyền thống và Đạo Shaman

Ngày nay, Nho giáo chỉ còn được xem là 1 hình thức triết học. Tuy nhiên, có thể thấy được rằng tất cả người Hàn Quốc đều có cách suy nghĩ mang tính tôn giáo ở mức độ nào đó.
Đạo Cheondo, đạo Daejong … là các tín ngưỡng dân tộc với tư tưởng sùng bái tổ tiên, tức là tôn Dangun làm thần. Nguyên phật giáo, đạo Jeungsan … là các tôn giáo của dân chúng được phát sinh ở Hàn Quốc.
Đạo Shaman có thể coi là tín ngưỡng dân gian có nguồn gốc rất sâu xa. Khi đứng trước một quyết định trọng đại hay khi thi cử, lập nghiệp, chống chọi với bệnh nan y, nhiều người thường tìm đến các nhà chiêm tinh hay bà đồng để nhờ cầu xin may mắn hoặc giải vận hạn. Đạo Sahman đã bắt rễ tại khắp một nơi từ thành thị đến nông thôn.

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