Quốc kỳ của nước Đại Hàn Dân Quốc có tên gọi Taegeukgi. Tóm lược lịch sử hình thành Taegeukgi
- Nguồn gốc
Quốc kỳ Hàn Quốc.
Các vương triều trong lịch sử Hàn Quốc không có truyền thống sử dụng quốc kỳ. Những vấn đề liên quan đến việc chế định và chọn lựa quốc kỳ bắt đầu xuất hiện từ năm 1880 nhưng vẫn chưa được quan tâm nhiều. Trong chuyến công du đến Nhật Bản vào tháng 8 năm 1882, sứ thần Park Young-hyo đã sáng tạo nên lá cờ thái cực với vòng tròn thái cực lưỡng nghi gồm một nửa màu đỏ và một nửa màu xanh ở giữa, 4 bên là 4 ký hiệu màu đen biểu tượng cho 4 quẻ trong bát quái và nó đã trở thành khởi nguồn của lá quốc kỳ Hàn Quốc ngày nay.
* [Ảnh kéo lá cờ thái cực ngày xưa]
- Chế định quốc kỳ
Lá cờ thái cực bắt đầu được chọn làm quốc kỳ từ năm 1883 nhưng chưa có chỉ dẫn tiêu chuẩn chính thức nào vào thời điểm đó.
Năm 1948, cùng với việc thành lập chính phủ Đại Hàn Dân Quốc, quy định về tiêu chuẩn lá cờ đã được ban hành.
Ngày 15 tháng 10 năm 1949, quy định của Bộ giáo dục chính thức ban hành quy định về việc chọn lá cờ thái cực làm quốc kỳ của Đại Hàn Dân Quốc.
Sau đó, những pháp lệnh liên quan như Luật chế tác quốc kỳ (Thông báo của Bộ Giáo dục năm 1950), Luật kéo quốc kỳ (thông báo của Tổng thống năm 1964) .v.v. đã được thi hành.
Hình dáng và ý nghĩa của Taegeukgi
Taegeukgi, quốc kỳ của Hàn Quốc bao gồm 1 vòng tròn được tạo thành bởi 2 hình bán nguyệt, 1 màu xanh và 1 màu đỏ có dạng như lốc xoáy (biểu tượng thái cực lưỡng nghi), 4 góc là 4 nhóm vạch nổi bật trên nền trắng tượng trưng cho 4 quẻ trong bát quái của âm dương ngũ hành.
* [Ảnh Taegeukgi/ có thể cho thấy chính xác sự bài trí trên lá cờ…]
- Nền
Nền trắng của lá cờ tượng trưng cho sự tinh khiết, tính đồng nhất và tinh thần yêu chuộng hòa bình của dân tộc Hàn. Trong lịch sử, dân tộc Hàn có truyền thống mặc áo trắng và được gọi tên là “dân tộc Bạch y”. Bởi vậy màu trắng cũng được xem là màu biểu tượng cho dân tộc Hàn.
- Thái cực lưỡng nghi
Vòng tròn ở giữa lá cờ được chia làm 2 nửa hình bán nguyệt đối xứng với nhau gồm màu xanh và màu đỏ có dạng như lốc xoáy. Đây là hình trang trí có tính truyền thống mà dân tộc Hàn đã sử dụng từ thời cổ đại. Màu xanh là biểu tượng của âm, tượng trưng cho hy vọng. Màu đỏ tượng trưng cho dương, chỉ sự tôn quý. Vòng tròn âm dương này tượng trưng cho sự sinh thành phát triển tương hỗ lẫn nhau trong quan hệ đối lập. Vì vậy, thái cực là căn nguyên của vạn vật trong vũ trụ, là khởi nguồn của sinh mệnh con người. Nó là sự tuần hoàn vĩnh cửu không bao giờ dứt.
- 4 quẻ
Bốn góc của Taegeukgi được trang trí bởi 4 quẻ trong âm dương ngũ hành. Quẻ Càn tượng trưng cho trời, mùa xuân, phương Đông và lòng nhân từ. Quẻ Khôn tượng trưng cho đất, mùa hè, phương Tây và sự ngay thẳng hào hiệp. Quẻ Khảm tượng trưng cho mặt trăng, mùa đông, phương Bắc và sự thông thái. Quẻ Ly tượng trưng cho mặt trời, mùa thu, phương Nam và lễ nghĩa. 4 quẻ này tuần hoàn phát triển không có điểm dừng : Càn Ly Khôn Khảm Càn.
- Ý nghĩa chung của Taegeukgi
Nền trắng và 4 quẻ được trang trí trên Taegeukgi là biểu tượng cho hy vọng, hòa bình, sự đồng nhất, sáng tạo và vĩnh cửu trường tồn.
Việc chế tác Taegeukgi
- Độ lớn : Tỷ lệ giữa chiều dài và chiều rộng là 3:2
- Đỉnh cờ : Có hình giống như nụ hoa Mugung gồm 5 cánh ở phía dưới, màu sắc thường là màu vàng.
- Cán cờ : Được làm bằng những vật liệu như tre, thép.v.v, có màu sắc gần tương tự như màu thân tre hay màu ngà.
Tóm lược lịch sử hình thành Aegukga
- Nguồn gốc
Nhạc phổ Hàn Quốc trước kia không có quốc ca chính thức nhưng sau năm 1910, dưới thời kỳ chiếm đóng của thực dân Nhật, một tác giả vô danh đã sáng tác, ra ca từ sau này được sử dụng trong Aegukga. Được phổ giai điệu bài dân ca Xcốt-len – Auld Lang Syne, bài hát đã được biết đến rộng rãi như 1 bài quốc ca.
- Nhạc phổ
Nhà soạn nhạc Ahn Eak-tai đã chỉ ra điểm bất hợp lý khi một bài ca yêu nước lại được hát theo giai điệu một ca khúc dân ca nước ngoài, vì vậy ông đã soạn phần nhạc mới cho ca từ gốc vào năm 1936. Tuy nhiên, trước năm 1948, người ta vẫn tiếp tục sử dụng bản Aegukga cũ chứ chưa sử dụng phần nhạc do Ahn Eak-tai soạn lại
* [Ảnh : Ahn Eak-tai]
- Chế định quốc ca
Cùng với sự ra đời của chính phủ Đại Hàn Dân Quốc, chế định về quốc ca cũng chính thức được ban hành và “Aegukga” trở thành tên gọi của quốc ca Hàn Quốc. Phần lời của bài quốc ca vẫn được giữ nguyên như cũ. Có nhiều giả thiết cho rằng phần lời là một nhạc sĩ
vô danh hoặc của Yun chi-ho, Ahn Chang-ho hay Min Young-hwan .v.v.
* [Ảnh : Bản nhạc Aegukga]
Nội dung của Aegukga
- Giai điệu
Được hát theo gam A trưởng hoặc G trưởng nhịp 4/4. Bản nhạc có 16 câu, kết cấu theo hình thức chương, đoạn với ca từ được chia làm 4 đoạn với hình thức nhịp đôi a-b-c-d. Bản nhạc ngắn gọn, súc tích và trang nghiêm.
- Ca từ
Bản nhạc gợi nên nỗi buồn mất nước và bầu không khí ảm đạm duới ách thống trị của thực dân Nhật Bản. Nhưng vượt lên trên nỗi buồn, sự bi thương đó là lời ngợi ca vẻ đẹp của đất nước, khát vọng chấm dứt xiềng xích nô lệ thực dân Nhật dựng lên để giành lại độc lập, chủ quyền và phát triển đất nước.
*[Nghe bài Aegukga]
Mugunghwa (hibiscus)
Là loại cây rụng lá vào mùa đông, thuộc họ hoa hồng Sharon, có tên khoa học là Hibiscus syriacus. Bắt nguồn từ Tiểu Á nhưng hoa Mugung được phân bố rộng rãi ở Ấn Độ, Trung Quốc, Hàn Quốc (dưới tỉnh Nam Pyeongan, tỉnh Gangwon).
- Thân cây
Chiều cao 2-3 m. Toàn bộ cây hầu như không có lông, thân thẳng đứng, vỏ cây màu xám tro được cấu tạo bằng chất sợi bền chắc. Lá cây có chiều dài 4~10 cm, mọc đan vào nhau, hình dạng giống như quả trứng và phân bố chủ yếu trên 3 nhánh cây mọc sâu.
- Hoa
Mùa hoa nở từ tháng 7 đến tháng 9. Cánh hoa có dạng nếp nhăn dài 6~10 cm, cuống hoa ngắn. Đại đa số hoa Mugung có màu hồng, bên trong cánh hoa có những chấm màu đỏ. Hoa nở vào buổi sáng sớm, bắt đầu khép cánh vào buổi chiều và rụng lúc hoàng hôn. Chu trình này được lặp đi lặp lại hàng ngày. Thông thường cây nhỏ một ngày nở khoảng 20 bông, cây lớn 50 bông, thời gian hoa nở khoảng 100 ngày/năm. Vì vậy, nếu tính ra trong một năm, hoa nở khoảng từ 2000~5000 bông. Việc nở liên tiếp hàng ngày được xem là đặc tính rất độc đáo của hoa Mugung.
* [Ảnh : Hoa Mugung]
Mugunghwa – Quốc hoa
- Nguồn gốc
Hoa Mugung đã mọc rất nhiều ở Hàn Quốc từ thời cổ đại, vì vậy người ta gọi Hàn Quốc là “Cẩn Hoa Chi Hương(槿花之鄕)” hay “Cẩn Hoa Hương (槿花鄕)” có nghĩa là “đất nước của Hoa Mugung”. Ghi chép lâu đời nhất về hoa Mugung là cuốn “Sơn Hải Kinh (山海經)”- bách khoa toàn thư cổ đại về địa lý Trung Quốc được cho là biển soạnvào trước thế kỷ 2. Cuốn sách có ghi rằng “Ở nước quân tử có quân hoa thảo(薰華草), sáng nở tối tàn”. “Nước quân tử” ở đây là chỉ Hàn Quốc, còn “quân hoa thảo” là chỉ hoa Mugung.
Ghi chép này về sau còn liên tục xuất hiện trong các thư tịch cổ của cả Trung Quốc và Hàn Quốc.
- Quốc hoa
Cũng giống như quốc kỳ hay quốc ca, việc hoa Mugung được chọn làm quốc hoa không phải do quy định của của quốc gia. Từ thời cổ đại, hoa Mugung đã được xem là biểu tượng của tinh thần dân tộc Hàn. Tình yêu của người Hàn Quốc dành cho loài hoa này được thể hiện rõ nét khi những ca từ “Hoa Mugung, nở ngàn dặm trên những ngọn núi và bên những dòng sông tươi đẹp” đã mở đầu một đoạn điệp khúc trong quốc ca của Đại Hàn Dân Quốc. Các cơ quan lập pháp, hành pháp và tư pháp của Hàn Quốc đều lấy hoa Mugung làm biểu tượng và đế cắm quốc kỳ cũng được quy định làm theo hình dạng của nụ hoa Mugung.
- Ý nghĩa của hoa Mugung
Hoa Mugung mang vẻ đẹp giản dị, là biểu tượng cho tính cách của người Hàn Quốc. So với các loại hoa khác, hoa Mugung có sức chịu đựng rất dẻo dai, tượng trưng cho sinh lực mạnh mẽ. Cho dù bông này có rụng xuống thì bồng khác sẽ lại nở tiếp, bởi vậy nó còn được xem là biểu tượng của tinh thần bất khuất. Ngoài ra, hoa Mugung còn có nhiều công dụng khác, nụ hoa được dùng làm rau, cánh hoa và quả được dùng làm thuốc hay pha trà. Với những công dụng và sự hữu ích lớn như thế, hoa Mugung quả là loài hoa được sinh ra “vì con người và giúp ích cho con người”.
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